Racism, Class, And Gender Relations - 1689 Words

The bias that I hold is one that I have only recently acknowledged, and it has been incredibly difficult for me. I have always considered myself a proponent of equal rights for everyone, a supporter of Black Lives Matter, and a friend of people who are African-American. I realized that even though I try hard to be without bias, that does not mean I am. I have noticed that when I am confronted with a situation in which I am around African-American people that I actively remind myself there is no reason for me to feel uncomfortable or nervous. The reading by Anderson and Collins stood out to me very strongly. In the beginning they discuss why â€Å"Challenging oppressive race, class, and gender relations in society requires reconstructing†¦show more content†¦I have come to realize that being friends with someone is not enough to erase a bias. They are 1 type of person in an entire world of people who share the same culture and skin tone. I was also a very shy person in school, so I did not try to socialize outside of my friend group. I was very content to stay within those friends, which is now something I wish I could change. I am not sure how much I could change my current bias if I had been more outgoing, but My parents were never openly biased against African-American people, nor were many of my classmates, so I feel that much of my bias stems from ignorance. Most of the exposure I had to African-American people was through television and movies, where their experiences and behaviors are very exaggerated. For me, part of acknowledging my bias including acknowledging my privilege as a white, middle class, American. In my life, I have not been judged by people simply for my skin color, or blamed for speaking a language other than my native one like the people discussed in the reading by Murillo and Flores (2001). I have been lucky to be born so privileged, especially in Holland where people who are different tend to stand out. Understanding this privilege has been a great help in eliminating my bias. As part of this assignment, I wanted to research even further about the disparity between white people and African-American people in America. The NAACP reports that in America, African-AmericanShow MoreRelatedWhat Does Music Provide A Means Of Resistance For Challenging The Power Relations Of Racism, Class And Gender2861 Words   |  12 Pagesprovide a means of resistance for challenging the power relations of racism, class and gender? This paper will open by first and foremost, explaining the different sociological meanings of the term power, so as the reader has an understanding of the arguments being made. This will allow anybody reading this paper to follow the arguments being made. Music can provide a means of resistance for challenging the power relations of racism, class and gender in a number of ways. The first way that this paperRead MoreEssay on Aboriginal People of Canada1267 Words   |  6 PagesAboriginal People of Canada Over the past decades, Aboriginal people (the original people or indigenous occupants of a particular country), have been oppressed by the Canadian society and continue to live under racism resulting in gender/ class oppression. The history of Colonialism, and Capitalism has played a significant role in the construction and impact of how Aborignal people are treated and viewed presently in the Canadian society. The struggles, injustices, prejudice, and discriminationRead MoreSociology Factors1160 Words   |  5 Pagesprivilege is defined in relation to a group or a social category. For example, race privilege is more about white people than it is about white people. 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These three forces help to shape the experience of workers, and depending on various dynamics, for example if there is anRead MoreSocial Theories of Karl Marx and Maw Weber789 Words   |  4 Pageschose to primarily focus on Racism and Classism. With the perspectives of these theorists in mind I can explain how Racism, Classism, in conjunction with Feminism are among the largest social problems human beings face in the world today. Both theorists have different theories of the social concept Classism, however they are not that much different from one another. Karl Marx utilizes the term â€Å"proletariat† to refer to the working class. Marx views the members of each class as sharing their own distinctiveRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Stratification On Minorities1195 Words   |  5 Pages†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨The impact on minorities due to inequality†¨Introduction †¨During the course of this class I have learned about social problems within the society in which we live and around the world. It is disturbing to learn that poverty, social inequality, race and cultural discrimination, gender stratification, environmental damage, population growth, and urbanization are among the social problems and controversial issues that still exist in the United States. What is Social Stratification Social stratificationRead MoreInvestigating The Gender Gap And How That Effected The Way That Men And Women May View Other Races1026 Words   |  5 Pagespaper I chose to investigate the gender gap and how that effected the way that men and women may view other races. I believe that women, due to their struggles with gender bias, will be more compassionate and less racist than men. I chose the following four articles to look into gender bias and modern racism. My four chosen articles look into the United State’s racial and gender biases compared to those around the world. In Schnake, Beal, and Ruscher’s Modern Racism and Intergroup Boas in Casual Explanation

Role Of Energy Development Sustainable Development Goals...

Roles of Energy in Sustainable Development Goals Introduction History of sustainable development Sustainable development is the ‘development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generation from meeting their own needs ‘(Brundtland, 1987). This concept has developed more from the intergenerational framework as indicated in the brundtland report to incorporate the three pillars (social, environment and economic) as a whole through series of environmental meeting held. Today, the focus is on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which was established in 2015.It is an improvement of the millennium development goals (MDGS) in that, its focus is in all countries in terms of not what the developed nations should do for the developing nations but addresses major global challenges and the need for all nations to work together in order to promote global wellbeing for the present and future generation. This contrast with the MDGs, where the focus was on only developing countries (Sachs, 2012). Additionally, SDGs provides a better coverage of social economic, environmental and institutional dimensions by discussing the global environmental issues on water, ocean, ecosystem and climate change as stipulated in (ICSU, ISSC, 2015). Energy being core in ensuring sustainable development by addressing global issues such as climate change, poverty, has been an agenda in various environmental meeting for instance agenda 21 whichShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Energy Development Sustainable Development Goals Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OFORI KOFI DICKSON – P16196652 MSc. ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT ENERGY IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Abstract This report discusses the role of energy in sustainable development goals. The report highlights on the target set by the United Nations and the time-frame given to achieve these targets. Some of the challenges hindering sustainable development especially in the poor sections of the population and measures needed to be taken have also been identified. It concludesRead MoreObjectives Of The Sixth Sustainable Development Goals1259 Words   |  6 PagesEnergy access is increasingly seen as a crucial driver for social and economic development and also assists with meeting basic human needs for food and shelter (IEA, 2004). Energy was not explicitly considered in the Millennium Development Goals in 2000 or the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation in 2002. However the link between energy services and poverty reduction was clearly identified, as energy services and modern cooking fuels improved as a result (UNDP, 2005, PG.8). January 2016 will bringRead MoreThe Concept Of Sustainable Development Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of sustainable development is generally understood in two similar but differing perspectives. The first of these is the social-scientific definition explicated most frequently in relation to the 1987 report of the Brundtland commission.1 This report defines sustainable development as our â€Å"...ability to make development sustainable—to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs†2. The second perspectiveRead MoreModern Day Growth And Development1055 Words   |  5 Pagesproblems we face continue to cultivate. The Sustainable Development Goals are one of the most recent initiatives to realize the danger the planet faces. Of the numerous environmental issues included in its schema, one is energy. More specifically, the need to warrant accessibility and affordability of mode rn energy to everyone across the globe. The agenda under this division of clean energy segments into multiple targets which the Division for Sustainable Development (DSD) of the United Nations hopes toRead MoreGreen Design Using The Emerging Technology1687 Words   |  7 Pagesenhancing sustainability not only on the structure, but also to the environment. However, Ghani (21) notes that in order to have a sustainable environment, there is a need to create environmentally responsible minds. The scholar says that we cannot achieve sustainable development if the members of the society do not appreciate and uphold the principles of sustainability. The role of architects in designing structures, especially in the urban settings, that will help in convincing the society that we needRead MoreMba Essay1066 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Do you think that the lifestyle of the inhabitants of your town or city reflects behavior that is in line with the concept of sustainable development? 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FurthermoreRead MoreCritically Assess The Concept Of Sustainable Development Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesCritically assess the concept of Sustainable Development The concept of sustainable development is generally understood in two similar but differing perspectives. The first of these is the social-scientific definition explicated most frequently in relation to the 1987 report of the Brundtland commission.1 This report defines sustainable development as our â€Å"...ability to make development sustainable—to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generationsRead MorePromoting Environmental Stability For Poverty Reduction And Sustainable Development Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesTopic 1: Promoting Environmental Stability for Poverty Reduction and sustainable Development Introduction In UNEP’s Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment in 2016 report, they discovered that the developing world’s investment in renewable energy now accounts for more than 50% of all investments in renewable energies . As defined by the United Nations, sustainable development is â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirRead MoreGreen Growth : A New Concept Of Growth1171 Words   |  5 Pagesto balance traditional economic growth and environmental sustainability so that it can benefit the next generation in the future. Green growth is a growth that is efficient and clean(World Bank, 2012). Which means it will improve the efficiency of energy consumption and reduce the pollution to the surrounded environment. 1.2 Different Between Green growth Conventional Growth Conventional growth is mainly measured by GDP(Gross Domestic Product), which means only consider about economic growth.

Democracy Remixed Free Essays

If we take a look at American History, we see that many African Americans before us accomplished many things, in various disciplines, such as become the surgeon general of the United States, Win an Olympic Gold medal, Become a President of an Ivy League University, become CEO of a Fortune 500 company or even become President of the United States. These and the others on the extensive list of African American Firsts did not come easy or were given. In the words of Cohen, â€Å"They had to work hard, be respectful, and always have your superior humanity on display for whites to observe. We will write a custom essay sample on Democracy Remixed or any similar topic only for you Order Now With more and more 1st being accomplished, it has become more possible for many African Americans to reach hose same positions or go further. Today, in the year 2014, we also have new problems to face in terms of this new technology. Black twitter, for example, is an unofficial title for a community on twitter that has a huge impact online and in the media. Whether there is a primetimes television show or some breaking news story, Black twitter has you covered. Seemingly as a voice for all black Americans, this is heavily skewed by its demographic. Consisting of mainly young adults, this community becomes very negative and often creates moral panic and suppresses ACH other in the black community. The post-racial thesis suggests that in the post- civil rights era, material conditions have improved for Black Americans, but the conditions Black Americans face today are markedly better than the conditions that earlier generations had faced. As one example of many pressures black youth are facing, this shows that material conditions may have increased but the pressures are still prevalent In Democracy Remixed: Black Youth and the future of American Politics, a book by Cathy J. Cohen, discusses about the political life of young black people, not emitted to their relationship with the state and or government but between their peers, other members of the black community and the larger society. In relation to the post-racial thesis, this book contains arguments that serve as a counter to the post-racial thesis by discussing many issues that young black people face. In chapter 2, she introduces the phenomenon called moral panics and how they affect the black community, especially black youth. In chapter 5, she discusses forms of alienation that black youth face and how they engage in the public sphere, attempting to voice heir own public agenda. In chapter 6, she engages the ideas that young black people develop in light of the election of the country 1st black president and what this means to them. Chapter 2, â€Å"Gangs Rap Made Me do it†, talks about moral panics and how Bill Cowboys and Don Emus are examples of creating such things. Earlier on in the chapter, they discuses some statistics developed by The Black Youth Project. These statistics showed results from surveys filled out by African Americans ages 30 and above and group based on levels of income The topics of the survey included Rap Music’s perceived Influence on Black Youth, The behavior of too many young black Americans threatens to progress of respectable black people who are trying to do the right things, and reasons young black Americans find it hard to get ahead. These topics were surprisingly posed to non-youth about three topics that involve black youth in America. Many of these adults had an opinion on all of these questions, because of moral panics. Cohen states that moral panic is a concept typically used by scholars to explain irrational and inflated reactions to lesser events that have been exaggerated by the media. Through the media, the crisis itself is shrouded by the massive uproar generated by the public. Bill Cowboys, known for his comedic background, spoke at Constitution Hall in Washington, D. C. Where they were commemoration the 50th anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education. The topics that he received fire from were the ones directed to poor black people and the black youth. From Cowboys perspective he is trying to let it be know that everything black people do, is a representation of all black Americans. His comments toward poor members in the black community included â€Å"These people are not parenting. They are buying things for kids, $500 sneakers for what? And wont spend $200 dollars for ‘Hooked on Phonics. ‘ † Here we have an older African American who is removed a generation from those parents he are addressing. This alone shows that there is a problem with the consecutive generation. This also highlights that the generation of parents who are buying the kids expensive sneakers are more worried about looks that education. We can infer that the kids wanted the expensive sneakers because of social pressures to be wealth. Also, His comments on Black Youth culture is that the out of today are uneducated when it comes to knowing about their African American and their African culture. He makes remarks about how black males are putting on clothes backwards and sagging of pants, and women wearing short skirts and piercing. This is another example of pressure that the youth are facing because Bill Cowboys is probably not the only person making these remarks. The pressures of previous generations in its self are making it hard for the young black American to live. She introduces the 21st century, the average youth has a lot of things to deal with. Bullying, growing up, peer pressure, family, school How to cite Democracy Remixed, Papers

Case Study

Question: Discuss about the Case Study. Answer: Introduction Doc billing system is a company that offers support to patients in terms of offering the necessary services that the patients require. However, Doc billing system has been experiencing challenges in its operations hence this paper seeks to point out the various challenges and problems that the company is facing and also recommend on the structure reorganizations that may help it become more efficient. Problems and Challenges There are various challenges and problems in this system, first, there is little and poor communication between the managers and their teams as seen in the conversation. According to Carlos ( a senior insurance consultant) a meeting is yet to be convened by Dana ( a manager). Dana is yet to meet her team members three months into the job. Doc system billing is also experiencing financial problems which have affected negatively on the productivity of the employees. The company can offer better services if they employed more staff to deal with the many cases arising(DePamphilis, 2008). However, Jim has told Dave that the company has no money to hire more workers. As it stands now one of the challenges that is brought about by lack of adequate numbers of staff makes the processing times be more longer than it should. According to the manager, they stand to lose clients if they dont reverse this trend and ensure that the processing time is reduced. At the moment, only 80% of the clients of Doc System Inc are satisfied with the services that the company offers. Another problem that the company faces is poor leadership, the directors and managers are not in control of their teams. Jim seems to be the type of leader who doesnt deal with a problem when it supposed to be solved, he postpones the problems and this is evident when he tells Dave to schedule a meeting after a month to solve the current issues. Also, Dana who is in charge of Carlos and Mitchells team has not yet met with them to chat on the way forward for her team. This type of leadership is affecting the efficiency of the company. Interventions One of the interventions that can bring change to this company is organizational restricting, The Case above demonstrate the significance of the organization restructuring are: It is of a continuing nature; since the company is subject to constant changes, restructring is an ongoing process new products ways of operating (Blackmore Sachs, 2007). Secondly, It is a means to achieve the objectives of the company.Such as in meetings. Thirdlyit enables activities to be done efficiently Observations About Jim Jim is not an effective leader because he postpones problems instead of tackling them right at the spot. Secondly, Jim is not an approachable leader; this is evident as we can see that Carlos and Mitchell are afraid of expressing what they really feel about the new model when Jim is in the room(Jasper Jumaa, 2005). However, when they are together with Dave, it is easy for them to express how they feel about the new model that is about to be introduced. Conclusion As Dave puts it the company needs serious reorganization so that it can operate in an efficient way. First, the employees need to and the management need to have a structured and honest way of communication. Secondly, allocation of workneeds to be done in a fair way because some employeesareoverworked while others are underworked such as Carlos. The leadership needs to up their game and offer good leadership as well as being decisive and especially Joe.If all these recommendations are executed then the company wil;l turn aroun References Blackmore, J. Sachs, J. (2007). Performing and reforming leaders. Albany: State University of New York Press. DePamphilis, D. (2008). Mergers, acquisitions, and other restructuring activities. Amsterdam: Elservier/Academic Press. Jasper, M. Jumaa, M. (2005). Effective healthcare leadership. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Pub.

Persuasion Essays - Social Psychology, Attitude Change, Persuasion

Persuasion Persuasion is the force exerted to influence behavior that includes a reflected change in attitude. Everyday we are bombarded with messages from people who wish to influence our behavior and attitudes. Persuasion can be used to accomplish good as well as bad, though, in my paper I will refrain from making value judgements and only report the factual aspects. I will discuss the two basic routes to persuasion, the elements involved, and ways to protect current attitudes and behaviors from change. When trying to persuade someone, there are two different methods from which to choose-the central and peripheral routes. The central route persuades by using direct arguments and pertinent information. The peripheral route persuades people by association with incidental cues that are pleasing to the senses. The central route is used to reach people who are more motivated and analytical, while people who are less analytical and less involved aremore likely to be influenced by the peripheral route. In advertising a combination of the two is common and effective. Computer ads relyprimarily on the central route, because their target audiences are perceived as highly analytical. Promotion for alcohol and tobacco products employ the peripheral route because they wish to draw attention away from thepossible negative effects that they are, in reality, associated with. To truly understand the effects of persuasion it is necessary to break the actdown to its smaller components. The for elements of persuasion are 1.) The communicator, 2.) The message content, 3.) How it is communicated, and4.) The receiver of the message. The content of the message is important but also whoever gives the message has an effect on people?s acceptance ofit. The major determinant of the communicator?s success are his/herperceived credibility and attractiveness. Credibility, or believability isdetermined by the communicator?s appearance as an expert or as someone who can be trusted. Expertise is established when the communicator is introduced as someone who has a great deal of knowledge concerning the topic of conversation. When the communicator relays viewpoints that areidentical to the audience she/he will be perceived as smart. Also, to project animage of expertise it is necessary to speak confidently and withouthesitating. Trustworthiness of the communicator is assumed if direct eye contact is used and speech is rapid. If the speaker is seen as not trying toinfluence or is arguing a position that is against their personal interest theywill be considered trustworthy. An attractive communicator has certain qualities, like physical appeal and similarity, that draw in theaudience. If the arguments of the attractive speaker are more readily accepted, central route persuasion has occurred or if we are persuaded by the unconnected positive association between the communicator and theproduct there has been peripheral route persuasion. When statements are made toa group by someone from the same ethnic background, the group is morewilling to listen. It appears true, the belief that we like people who aresimilar to us- and if we like someone we are more open to their suggestions. The second element of persuasion, the content of the message, deals with the specific type of messages that work best to convince. Emotional messages are most effective on less educated people, while rational appeals tendto score better with analytical or well educated people. Discrepancybetween the message and receiver opinion often effects whether persuasionoccurs. A credible communicator is most effective when arguing an extreme position and someone who is not viewed as credible is best off giving a viewpoint where there is a moderate discrepancy. Communicators must decidewhether to put forth a one-sided or two-sided appeal. One-sided appeals work bestwith those who already agree. Two-sided appeals work best with people who are initially opposed to your idea. Also message acceptance is effected bywhen it is heard and when the argument against that message is heard. Primacy affect states ?Other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence.?(1) The primacy effect works only whenboth messages are heard at once, with a period of time passing before responding. In a situation where a message is given followed by alengthy period of time, and then the second message is given, the response is usually to accept the second message. This is recency effect.?Information presented last sometimes has the most influence. Recency effects areless common than primacy effects.?(2) How the message is communicated, thethird element to persuade, stresses the importance of message delivery. ?Communication is the most important and complex thing we do. It canshape our careers, our lives, and our world... You can control the outcome of your important interactions if you control your communication style.?(3) The studies have shown that interpersonal contact

Violation of Standard 3 of the APAs Code of Ethics

Violation of Standard 3 of the APAs Code of Ethics Ethical Dilemmas in Psychology: A Critical Analysis of the Violation of Standard 3 of the American Psychological Association’s Code of Ethics In the course of their practice, a psychologist is likely to encounter situations that challenge their professional code of ethics (Trull Prinstein, 2012). Under such circumstances, the professional is forced to make a decision based on the numerous competing ethical principles facing them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Violation of Standard 3 of the APA’s Code of Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The decision taken by the practitioner in such situations may not be regarded as right or wrong. On the contrary, it is expected that the individual will adhere to the hierarchy of ethical principles set out in their area of practice. In the US, the American Psychological Association (herein referred to as APA) regulates the conduct of psychologists practicing i n the country. The association has a series of guidelines that are formulated to inform the practice. The current essay is based on the APA principles and code of conduct for professional psychologists. In the essay, the author analyzes situations under which violation of the policies is likely to arise. The best course of action to take in resolving such violations is suggested in the paper. The reviews made in the essay are aimed at challenging the practitioner to come up with solutions aimed at upholding the integrity of their profession (Trull Prinstein, 2012). Standard 3 of APA’s code of ethics is identified as the regulation that is violated in this paper. The standard addresses the issue of human relations. The author provides a critical analysis of how the code is violated, and how such cases can be resolved in an ethical manner. Standard 3: Human Relations in Psychology As already indicated, this is the code that is disregarded in the scenario highlighted later in t his paper. According to Trull and Prinstein (2012), psychologists are not immune to relationships in the society.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, there are certain cases where these interactions lead to conflicts in the practitioner’s professional life. Such situations bring about ethical dilemmas. The development is related to the nature of interactions that a psychologist has with their patients. The ethical code of conduct that is violated is Standard 3. The code talks about human interactions with regards to psychology as a profession (American Psychological Association, 2002). Standard 3.06 revolves around conflict of interest, which applies in the case highlighted below. The code restricts psychologists from handling patients that may bring about conflicts. In this case, a number of factors lead to inconsistencies. Such factors include the legality of the interaction and personal interests. A dilemma of such dimensions can present itself when a psychologist takes on board a client with unresolved self-esteem issues. The professional may pair such a patient with a friend to boost their self confidence. However, along the way, the friend may fall in love with the said patient. The friend is likely to seek the professional help of the psychologist, who happens to be their acquaintance. At the same time, the patient will start complaining of sexual advances from the friend in reference. In such a scenario, a serious case of conflict of interest presents itself due to the multiple relationships established (Trull Prinstein, 2012). Violation of Standard 3 The code on human relations can be violated in a number of ways. For example, it can be breached in the case where a psychologist gets romantically involved with their patient. In such instances, the code of ethics prohibits further interactions between the practitioner and the clien t. The reason is that the judgment of the professional is likely to be impaired owing to the emotional ties with their patient (American Psychological Association, 2002). The code is violated when the psychologist decides to carry on with the relationship based on principle A of APA’s general guidance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Violation of Standard 3 of the APA’s Code of Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The principle mentioned above prohibits a psychologist from inflicting any harm on their (American Psychological Association, 2002). The practitioner must be aware of the dangers associated with compromising their integrity. However, the professional is likely to continue treating their client in the event that the patient has serious trust issues. The same can present itself when such a patient insists that they cannot open up to anyone else apart from the psychologist they are in love wi th. Trull and Prinstein (2012) suggest that such ethical dilemmas result from the trust built in both relationships. Another instance where standard 3 may be violated is the conflict of interest cited in the previous example. In such a case, the psychologist is faced with a conflicting situation where a patient complains that one of the practitioner’s friends is harassing them sexually. On their part, the friend in question seeks help from the same practitioner with regards to their sexual feelings. In such cases, a psychologist may breach the code of ethics in a bid to convince their friend to terminate the relationship. Such a move is likely to affect the confidential relationship between the patient and the practitioner. Resolving the Issue Addressing the Dilemma It is important to note that it is not easy to control human relationships. As such, psychologists should ensure that their interactions with other people, including their patients, do not breach their code of con duct. Trull and Prinstein (2012) hold that juggling between a romantic and a professional relationship is not an easy task. As a result, a psychologist who is romantically involved with a patient should help improve their (the patient’s) self-esteem. By boosting their confidence, the practitioner will be able to convince the client to seek help from another professional. The same applies to the second scenario above, where a conflict of interest arises.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Addressing the Issue through Ethical Obligations The first principle in the guidelines set out for psychologists is structure to ensure that therapy is primarily beneficial to the patient (American Psychological Association 2002). As a psychologist, I would ensure that any romantic relationship with a patient is terminated before it matures. I would discourage such an engagement before it grows to prevent further emotional distress on the part of the patient. In the second scenario above, I would avert a possible conflict of interest by referring my friend to a different psychologist. Personally, I believe that ethical dilemmas are avoidable in my practice. Such dilemmas can be deflected when a psychologist believes in the greater good of their patient. Conclusion In this paper, the author addressed the issue of ethical dilemmas in psychology. An analysis of possible scenarios under which Standard 3 of APA’s code of ethics may be violated was provided. Recommendations to addr ess such violations were made. The author of this paper believes that ethical dilemmas in psychology can be prevented. A practitioner can avoid such situations by prioritizing the interests of their patients. References American Psychological Association. (200). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from www.apa.org/ethics/code/principles.pdf Trull, J., Prinstein, M. (2012). Clinical psychology. Connecticut: Cengage Learning.

Inflation Control by Government of UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Inflation Control by Government of UK - Essay Example This heaving inflation delayed diverted central banks plus stalled them from lessening interest rates to assist in relieving the credit crunch. In spite of all of the above during January, the depression was expected. The predictions for 2009 are bleak: Alistair Darling declared of late that the government had misjudged the severity of it. On the other hand, a more positive school of reflection says that the nastiest of the depression perhaps might be over. I would like to take this opportunity to thank my professor for all the support, assistance and advice all along. I would also like to thank my family and friends, who also encouraged me and motivated me at every step. This report helped get into the crux of the issue, i was also able to analyze the situation from the government and the Publics perspective. The world economy has been considerably exaggerated by the monetary crisis plus analysis are the nastiest given that the Great Depression. Already, the largest developed countries, notably those where the crisis originated, have entered into recession. Drop over to the supplementary countries was primarily minute; however a lot of bussing economies are currently facing it tough. The suppositions regarding a decoupling of these economies have without a doubt demonstrated off beam. 1.1 The emergent countries: These emerging countries too are facing the influences of the calamity, which will interrupt moreover in a lot cases overturn the accomplishment of the Millennium Development purposes, together with the civilized work for all. This is of fastidious concern provided that, even during the pre calamity phase, the development outlines within specific areas, particularly within the United Kingdom, making way towards the insignificant decline within poverty. The civilized living also working state of affairs still remain out of acess for a lot of individuals .Most significantly, the crisis has made it right through the valid economy by resources of three equally strengthening diffusion channels, explicitly: the restricted accessibility of credit for the working capital, trade funding and feasible investments within the real economy , implying the credit crunch ; vigilant cost decisions, leaning towards the minor side of the yield, service and costs, in turn distressing assurance amongst th e customers and

Globalized Society Erases Borders Between People Essay

Globalized Society Erases Borders Between People - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that Western religion is mostly Christian (including all the confessions) which presupposes certain ethics and beliefs, so western religious traditions are totally different from the eastern ones. For example, Chinese original religion Confucianism cannot be even called â€Å"religion† as it looks like just a certain ethical doctrine based on political values. Meanwhile, Indian-originated Buddhism is totally metaphysical and partly mythical religion that also doesn’t have such traditional god as westerners understand the concept of god. But as we can see, nowadays we are far from that times when different religious views influenced people’s communication. Moreover, we even use each other’s practices in everyday life; for instance, such eastern religious practice like yoga has become widely popular among westerners so far, as it is quite applicable even separately from the religion it belongs to. This paper highlights that as we live in the world without any borders we frequently interact with multiple cultures. Meeting them, we can often feel like we are being misunderstood at the very beginning. But it is the matter of time. Just in short notice it becomes easy for us to understand each other like if we were from the same culture, because in fact our fundamental assumptions about the world don’t play important role in our communication. This is obviously the result of globalization of society, as we don’t even notice that with availability of information worldwide our cultures are slowly mixing and integrating with each other. Another reason is global migration of people from different cultures to other places to live, because they bring their cultures and often disseminate information about them within the new environment. Both eastern and western people study at the same universities and learn the same things.  

500 word reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

500 word reflection - Essay Example I realize that learning in a mentoring relationship is not one-way. Both parties benefit from it - the mentee, for obvious reasons of imbibing wisdom from the mentor, and the mentor, for being updated on current trends that he needs to incorporate in his mentoring. A mentor must enrich his knowledge with research. In our tutorial sessions, learning is very palpable. Motivation is high in the positive learning environment we tutors were able to create. Sometimes, the direction of learning is from the tutor to the student, other times, the student provides new learning to the tutor. This flow of learning vacillates as tutor and student interact. Sometimes, learning happens with group interactions, where each member contributes his or her own learning. Such learning is internalized when the learner is on his own, and does his own individual learning. I learned from my readings of Vygotsky’s principles that interactions are likely to go through a process called intersubjectivity. This is when two people are engaged in a task and begin from different understandings but with interaction, comes to an agreed, shared understanding. I have experienced this many times when explaining some difficult concepts to my tutees. At first, we initially debate opposite arguments but upon more understanding of the concept because of listening to each other’s opinions, we end up seeing the concept in one direction. I try to be patient considering our cultural differences, and sometimes the language barrier gets in the way. However, if I persist hard enough, I do get through to them no matter how long and difficult it takes. With the students I helped, and the limited time I spent with them, I gained insights about how much a teacher does and can do. Initially, I felt inadequate as a tutor when first faced with a heterogeneous group. However, I realized that taking cues

Power generation

Power generation Introduction The availability of electricity and its per capita consumption is often regarded as an index of national standard of living in the present day civilization. The amount of power generated is a sign of growing gross national products which reflects prosperity of the people. Energy goes in tandem with progress. The lack of it and inadequate measure can throttle the entire economic activity and well being of the country. Therefore, energy is considered as the most basic input for any country for keeping the wheels of its economy moving. Electricity is an easy form of energy which can be produced easily, transported easily, can be used easily and also controlled easily. Power plants are used to produce electricity in bulk quantities. However, in a developing country like India, the demand for power is increasing at a very rapid rate. As a result the use of renewable forms of energy is being increased and at the same time actions are being taken to improve the overall efficiency of the existing power plants. Combined cycle power plant couples a steam and a gas power plant in order to improve the overall efficiency to 70%. This combined cycle recovers much of the exhaust energy and uses it further to drive a steam or gas turbine or a district heating plant. As a result, there is an increase in the power produced and at the same time it reduces additional cost and the generating cost. There are many other benefits of a combined cycle power plants. Benefits like high efficiency and low environment impact are the most important. In todays world, emission levels of all kinds of fuels must meet stringent regulations acceptable to the countrys government. It is therefore important for power producers to invest in plants which have low emissions level. Risk mitigation and public acceptance are paramount. Combined cycle plants especially those which use natural gas or other renewable resources are a good choice for low emissions. Carbon dioxide emissions and other gases produced in a combined cycle power plant are much lower than other fossil fuel technologies. Power Generation System Simple Power Plant Cycle A simple power plant generation cycle utilizes only a single thermodynamic cycle at a time. It converts the energy stored in fossil fuels into shaft work and ultimately into electricity. It uses water which is generally in the liquid state and sometimes even in the vapor state, as the working medium. The energy which is released by the burning the fuel is used to heat water and convert it to steam which is then further used to run a turbine to generate electricity. The steam which leaves the turbine is sent to a condenser such that the water can be re used. However, the efficiency of a simple cycle is still less and large amount of exhaust is emitted at the end of the cycle. The efficiency of a simple power plant is given by: ÃŽ ®(cycle) =W(net)/Q(1)=W(T)-W(P)/Q(1)=Q(1)-Q(2)/Q(1) =1-Q (2)/Q (1) The major components of a simple power plant cycle are as follows: (i). Compressor (ii). Combustor (iii). Power turbine (iv). Generator In a simple power plant as seen, ambient air is filtered and then compressed to a pressure of 14 to 30 bar (190 to 420 psig). As the air is compressed its pressure increases which in turn are used to burn the fuel producing hot gases with a temperature generally higher than 1,000 degree Celsius. This then expands in a turbine driving the compressor and generator. The expanded hot gases leave the turbine at ambient pressure and at a temperature between 450 to 650 degree Celsius depending on the turbine efficiency, pressure ratio, and turbine inlet temperature. Such a power plant has 35% efficiency only. Gas Compressor It is a mechanical device which is used for increasing the pressure of a gas by decreasing its volume. Generally air is used in a power plant for compression, however, oxygen, nitrogen and other gases are also compressed. There are three general types of compressors, namely, positive displacement, axial and centrifugal. Positive displacement compressors may be reciprocating piston type, in which the gas is taken in during the suction stroke of the piston, and is compressed by decreasing the volume of the gas by moving the piston in the opposite direction. Centrifugal compressors use high speed impeller to increase the energy of the gas which is then converted into pressure in the diffuser. They are used to compress large volume of gas to moderate pressures. In Axial compressors gas is made to flow parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotor which in turn contains a number of rows of blades. As the gas passes through the blades its energy increases which is converted into pressure. This type of compressor is used for jet aircraft engines and gas turbines. Combustor It is a part of turbine where the combustion takes place. In a gas turbine, air enters the first combustion chamber after the compressor. Here, fuel is mixed with the compressed air and the exhaust is then used to drive the turbine to obtain work. A combustor should fulfill the four basic conditions: (i). Supply enough air for complete combustion of air. (ii). Secure enough turbulence for thorough mixing of fuel and air. (iii). Maintain a furnace temperature high enough to ignite the incoming fuel air mixture. (iv). Provide a furnace volume large enough to allow time for combustion to be completed. It is important to determine the right amount of oxygen that should enter the combustor. Amounts of Carbon-di-oxide and oxygen are indicators of excess air. If the amount of oxygen is more in the combustor than the required amount, it will burn fuel more rapidly and the efficiency would reduce. A combustor has three main components, namely, the outer casing which is the high pressure container, the combustion chamber, and the fuel injection system. [1][4] Turbine A steam turbine is a prime mover which continuously converts the energy of high-pressure, high temperature steam supplied by a steam generator into shaft work with the low temperature steam exhausted to a condenser. This energy conversion essentially occurs in two steps: (i). The high pressure, high temperature steam first expands in nozzles and comes out at high velocity. (ii). The high velocity jets of steam coming out of the nozzles, impinge on the blades mounted on a wheel, get deflected by an angle and suffer a loss of momentum which is absorbed by the rotating wheel in producing torque. A steam turbine is basically an assemblage of nozzles and blades. The fig of a Turbine is given below. Many types of turbines are used in Power Plants, namely: 1. Steam turbines are used for electricity generation in thermal power plants, i.e. plants using coal and fuel. 2. Gas turbines are also called turbine engines. Every turbine is provided with an emergency control lever which can immediately shut down the running of turbines in case a catastrophy occurs. Each power plant has a fixed turbine rotation rate. These rates at which the turbines rotate are different for different process. In a power plant the turbines fail to operate if: 1. Shaft speed exceeds 3300 rpm 2. The lubrication system fails 3. Turbine balancing is not proper 4. Temperature of plant increases 5. Cooling mechanisms not working properly Control And Supervisory Instruments: Many control and supervisory instruments are provided for the safe and effective operation of a turbine. They are as follows: 1. Pressure gauges are used to monitor the pressure of main steam at various valves. 2. Thermometers are used to record temperatures at every valve and in the combustor valve. 3. A Speed recorder is used to monitor the turbine rpm all the time and in case its speed increases beyond a set value then it is deactivated. 4. Watt meters and voltmeters are used to determine the steam and heat rates at various points in the process. 5. A trip control lever is provided in case of an emergency. Generator It is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. A steam generator generates steam at the desired pressure and temperature by burning fuel in its furnace. A generator forces electric charges to be in motion through an exterior electrical circuit, but it does not create electricity or charge, which is already present in the wire of its windings. As it can be seen from Fig 4, heat is produced in a generator because of losses caused by current flow in the stator and field windings. This affects the temperature in the generator. By using cooling mechanisms such an event can be avoided. Generators are usually cooled using hydrogen at very high pressures say at 3 bars. Hydrogen is used since its specific heat is the highest and its molecular weight is the least. Combined Cycle Power Generation The Carnot efficiency is the efficiency of an ideal thermal process. Generally the efficiencies of some processes are less since there are a large amount of losses involved. Thus, a distinction between energetic and exergetic losses is drawn. Energetic losses are mainly losses incurred due to heat, and are thus the energy lost in the process. Exergetic losses are internal losses caused by irreversible processes in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics. The process efficiency can be improved by raising the maximum temperature in the cycle, releasing the waste water at a lower temperature or by improving the process to minimize the internal exergetic losses. The interest in combined cycles arises particularly from these considerations. Although, no single cycle can make all the improvements. It thus seems reasonable to combine two cycles to one. Supplementary firing may raise the exhaust temperature to around 900 degree Celsius. Also, high gas temperature raises the condition of steam which in turn improves the efficiency of a power plant. The two thermodynamic cycles generally used in a combined cycle power generation are Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle. Brayton Cycle In Brayton cycle the air is first compressed and then at constant pressure reversibly heat is added to it. Due to this, expansion of air takes place in the turbine. This leads to emission of hot gases at a constant pressure which helps in bringing it to the initial state. The Brayton cycle consists of 4 cycles in total, out of which two are reversibly isentropic and the other two are reversible adiabatic. Also a Brayton cycle is called as the air standard cycle for the gas turbine power plant. [1] Cycle Processes: A. 1-2 Isentropic Compression (q = 0) B. 2-3 Isobaric Heat Addition (w = 0) C. 3-4 Isentropic Expansion (q = 0) D. 4-1 Isobaric Heat Rejection (w = 0) Rankine Cycle We can use a hypothetical value for every process in the vapor power cycle which represents its basic intended operation and something which does not produce any extraneous effect. From the steam boiler, it is used as a constant pressure heating process to convert water to form steam, for the turbine as an ideal reversible adiabatic expansion of steam, for the condenser it is a reversible constant pressure heat rejection as the steam condenses till it becomes saturated liquid, and for the pump, the ideal process is the reversible adiabatic compression of this liquid ending at the initial pressure. When all these four processes are ideal, the cycle is called a Rankine cycle. There are four basic steps in a Rankine cycle: Step1-2: working fluid is pumped to high pressure from its initially low pressure state. This process requires low energy. Step2-3: the high pressure working fluid then enters a boiler where it is heated continuously such that it becomes dry saturated vapour. Step 3-4: the dry saturated vapour is then used to turn the blades of a turbine to generate power. The temperature and pressure of the working fluid decreases. Step 4-1: the wet vapour then enters a condenser where it is condensed to become a saturated liquid. District Heating A district heating system uses hot water to bring heat to towns and communities rather than using electrical power. This technology is quite old. The oldest district heating system which is still in operation was used to warm a French village from geothermal hot springs in the fourteenth century. Later on, US were the first country to use the process of district heating in plants. A steam district heating system has been in use by the US Naval Academy since 1852. The first commercial system began in Denver in as early as 1880. As of today, nearly 30,000 district heating plants are working in the US and there are a thousand more around the world. A district heating plant contains insulated pipes which carry hot water from the plant to various sites. Also these pipes are interconnected between various buildings through a junction point as can be seen from Fig 7. From these junction points, hot water is taken from the mains to a heat exchanger which is also called a heat sub-station and present inside each building. Because of this the heating circuit which is present inside each building can be isolated from the main heating system. A temperature sensor is present on the heat substation which monitors the temperature of water at all times. Also a meter is attached, which calculates the amount of water consumed by each apartment or building and are charged accordingly. To ensure safe and smooth running of the plant, human intervention is reduced by running the plant automatically. Advantages Of Combined Cycle Power generation The worldwide demand for combined cycle power plants is growing dramatically because of its large advantages, namely: (i). High overall plant efficiency: up to 70% can be obtained. (ii). Low investment costs: up to 30% lower than that required for a conventional steam power plant. (iii). Small amount of water required: amount of cooling water required is only about 40 to 50% as much as for a steam plant. (iv). Great operating flexibility: the simple steam cycle makes it possible to start up and shut down the plants quickly which also affects the efficiency. (v). Phased installation: because the gas turbines can go into operation much sooner than the steam plant, installation in stages is possible. The gas turbine can keep on generating power as the steam plant is under construction. This makes it possible to adjust the growth in demand for energy in a grid. (vi). Simplicity of operation: combined power plants are fully automatic and are suitable for operating where the operating staff is less experienced. (vii). Low environmental impact: because of their low emission levels and high efficiency, such plants are suitable for use in a heavily populated region. [1][5] Components Of A Combined Cycle Power Plant The major components of a combined cycle power plant are listed below: i. Fuel: Different types of fuel may be used, namely, natural gas, coal, oil, petrol, diesel or any other conventional source of energy. Generally, natural gas is used as primary fuel. Also, experiments are being conducted to use renewable sources of energy like solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, nuclear energy etc as the main source of fuel. Using renewable source if energy would decrease the cost of running the plant tremendously and increase the efficiency as well. [2] ii. HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generator): HRSG is a heat exchanger. It is the link between the gas turbine and the steam turbine process. It is used to recover heat from a hot gas stream. It produces steam that can be used in a process. HRSG are commonly used in a combined-cycle power station, in which the exhaust is fed to the HRSG to generate steam which in-turn drives a steam turbine.There are three main types of HRSGs, namely: 1. HRSG without supplementary firing. 2. HRSG with supplementary firing. 3. Steam generators with maximum supplementary firing. HRSG without supplementary firing are the most common. Its main function is to convert the exhaust energy of gas turbine into steam. [2] iii. Deaerator: the main function of a Deaerator is to remove air and other dissolved gases from the water or steam in gas/steam cycle. This is necessary as the high oxygen content present in the steam/water corrodes the components of a plant along with the pipes. Generally, oxygen content of more than 7 to 10 parts per billion(ppb) is highly dangerous. Deaeration should be done continually since small leakages of air at air flanges and pump seals in the part of the cycle vacuum cannot be avoided. The solubility of the gases increase at a higher temperature and low pressure. A Deaerator removes these gases by heating the feed water to the saturation temperature. This feed water then passes through a heat exchanger after which it is sprayed from the top. By coming in contact dissolved oxygen and carbon di oxide get released. The Deaerator is usually kept in between the feed water system such that the total pressure difference between the boiler and the condenser is shared equally betw een the condenser pump and the boiler feed pump. The Deaerator is not used water cooled nuclear power plants as there is a danger of radioactive substance release. There are two types of Deaerators: a. Tray type Deaerator b. Spray type Deaerator iv. Control System: In todays world almost all cycles are automated in order to improve the efficiency and at the same time reducing human intervention. Control system is to a power plant what a brain is for a human body. Supervision, control, performing operations in a safe and reliable environment, continuously checking for leakages and faults is all done by the Control System. For this reason, the control and automation systems of a combined cycle power plant form a relatively complex system even though the thermal process is fairly simple. Fully electronic control systems are employed in todays modern combined cycle plants. The main features of the control system for a combined cycle power plants are: 1. Truly distributed architecture 2. Complete range of functions for process control 3. Communication capability due to several bus levels 4. Compliance with standard communication protocol 5. Openness for third party applications 6. On-line programmability with easy creation/editing of the programs v. Cooling system: An engine that is not cooled will soon reach a temperature which will seriously harm its functioning. If the heat is too intense it can cause the lubricant to burn up, leading to souring of cylinders, burning of pistons and bearings or any of variety of other mechanical troubles. Especially in a power plant where combustion of fuel continuously takes place for power generation, excess heat is like an enemy which needs to remove as soon as it is generated, least it would be dangerous. Two types of cooling systems are used, Air cooling and Liquid cooling. vi. Cogeneration: It is the simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heat. It is basically a recycling process. In conventional power plants, the waste heat is released into the atmosphere. Cogeneration captures this heat and re uses it for industrial heating purposes. In processes like district heating temperatures up to 130Â °C can be reached. Manhattan is the biggest steam district in the world. Many European countries also make use of this technology. Using cogeneration a bottoming plant captures the byproduct heat for domestic and industrial purposes thus increasing the overall efficiency of a plant. Paper and textile mills, chemical factories, sugar factories etc are few of the many industries which use saturated steam as the desired temperature for many purposes like heating and drying. For constant heating or drying steam is used. Also, the industry also needs power to drive its various machines. For this purpose combined cycle plants which use cogeneration are used since it serves both the purposes. District Heating Through Cogeneration Cogeneration involves the production of both electricity and thermal energy simultaneously from a common fuel source. The rejected or exhaust heat is used here for the process of district heating. Other applications included Desalination cooling. District heating is the latest technology for heating of homes and buildings in cold places like Europe. Heat which is produced in the thermal section in form of hot water is transported to houses and other areas using insulated pipes, such that the temperature doesnt change and a separate boiler is not needed at the receiving end. Vapor Absorption System A vapor absorption system can be used in the process of district heating. This system uses Ammonia which has a relative lower boiling point than water. Thus, less heat is needed to heat the water. Later ammonia can be removed from the water-ammonia mixture and reused again. The flow chart for such a system is as follows: Advantages Of District Heating There are many advantages of using this technology. A few of them are as follows: 1. Heat is transported to the urban areas using a heat exchanger which has a longer life. 2. Water is the main carrier. It can be easily procured from sea (desalination) or underground water. 3. Heating equipment takes less space and can be easily installed. 4. It can be used all year along without ant breaks. 5. Efficiency is more. 6. Distribution system is controlled using Computer which automatically increases or decreases the amount of water being delivered, depending upon the needs. Operation Of A Combined Cycle Power Plant Usually a combined cycle power plants are operated automatically. There are switches available which make it possible to activate the starting or shutting down of the equipment from a central control room. The commands may be given by operating staff or from a high level starting program which runs automatically. The start and stop are decided on several parameters which are pre defined in the program. Because the plants have a shorter start up time and an even quicker load change capability, the combined cycle power plants are often called to be dynamic in its behaviour. It is also quick in reacting, thus it is capable of following up quick changes. [2][6] Modern CCPP in the 50-400 MW range can be started within the following times: For a combined cycle power plant, Start up procedure is divided into three stages: 1. HRSG purging 2. Speeding up and synchronization of Gas turbine 3. Speeding up and synchronization of Steam turbine Purging of the boilers is a very important process. It prevents any explosion from unburned hydrocarbons by running the gas turbine at a high ignition speed of about more than 30% of normal speed, which helps in blowing of air through the HRSG. Purging then depends on the volume of gas left behind in the gas turbine. After the purging has been done, the gas turbines run at nominal speed, synchronized and loaded to the desired level. [7] Programmable Logic Controller Plc Definition A programmable Logic Controller, which is generally called as PLC, is a state of the art, digital industrial computer. A programmable logic controller is an industrial computer in which control devices such as limit switches, push buttons, temperature sensors or pressure sensors provide incoming control signals into the unit. An incoming control signal is called an Input. Incoming control signals interact with instructions specified in the user ladder program, which tells the PLC how to react to the incoming signals. The user program also directs the PLC on how to control the field devices like starter lights. A signal going out of the PLC to control a field device is called an Output. [5] Advantages Of Plc The main advantages of using PLC in the field are as follows: (i). Gain complete control of the manufacturing process (ii). Achieve consistency in automation (iii). Improve quality and accuracy (iv). Work in difficult hazardous condition (v). Shorten time to market (vi). Lower the cost of quality, scrap and rework (vii). Offer greater product variety (viii). Control inventory[5] How Does PLC Work Microprocessor is the main working brain of all the computers. The computers microprocessor, which is technically known as the central processing unit (CPU), supervises many controls and instructions as defined by the user. The microprocessor responds to the input signals and follows the instruction that it has been programmed to do. When the PLC is running and is following the programmers instructions it is called as solving the user problem. PLCs follow the instructions that are stored inside their memory. Also they may store programs for future use. Each instruction that has been entered will be placed inside the memory in the increasing order. These lists of instructions are called as a Ladder diagram. A basic PLC and its components are shown below. The instructions that are required to be carried out are transferred to the memory of the controller using a computer. The ladder diagram is made by the user using various kinds of latches, timers, counters and other accessories available with the software. After the ladder diagram has been verified and corrected, we download the program into the processors memory. Downloading basically means transferring the program from a personal computers memory to the logic controllers memory. Before downloading a user program, the processor must be in the program mode. After downloading the entire program all the wires have to be connected properly unless the required outputs would not be shown. Also, one can download the program as many number of times as it may be required. The continual running of the program in the PLC is useful in continuously determining if any input is being changed by the user or not. This process is called scanning. According to the commands given and the kind of timers or counters used, the output would be shown which is basically turning of the output light, which is present on the right hand side of the controller. A PLC interfaced with a computer is shown below. The PLC has come a long way since the first time it was used for industry applications. In these years, the PLCs usage has been increased drastically. It has been designed to withstand the harsh temperature. Since mostly PLCs are employed in industries where the temperature is usually on a higher side, they have been made resistant to heat. It is for this reason it is called as industrially hardened device. Also PLCs are small and easy to store. Also they require minimum of space. Also PLC gives the user the ability to try new things. The PLC can easily be programmed for any number of times. The programs are developed from the ladder diagrams. As an industrial computer, the PLC can easily replace functions of timers or counters. Also any type of sequence can be tried on the software. Also these days functions like arithmetic and data manipulation or shift registers have been made available along with the software which has increased its range of operation. The main benefit of using PLC is easy troubleshooting. In industries ladder diagrams may span for many pages. As a result it becomes very difficult to identify the errors. However, PLC software comes with an inbuilt troubleshooting device which tells the user where errors have occurred, if any. This helps in easy identifying of the problem and saves precious time. PLC, thus, is a very important tool in industry usage. RS LOGIX 500 RSLogix is a used to run a particular or a full segment in an industry. RSLogix is a product of Allen-Bradley, which provide the best industry controllers. This software offers unbeatable productivity and is widely used in industries. A simpler version called RSLogix 500 was made by Allen-Bradley for laboratory purposes. I have used this software for interfacing different cycles in a combined cycle power plant. RSLogix 500 offers [5]: (i). Flexible easy to use editors (ii). Diagnostics (iii). Troubleshooting tools (iv). Time saving features and functionality Simulation On Rs Logix 500 The project was divided into three parts: 1. Brayton Cycle 2. Rankine Cycle 3. District Heating Ladder diagrams for each were constructed after thoroughly understanding each process in detail. Use of timers, counters and switches were made in the ladder diagrams to illustrate limit switches. Temperature and pressure values have been assumed and are not based on actual standards. RSLogix 500 provides with a large variety of instruction palettes, like normally open closed switches, timers, counters etc. Values of temperature and pressure sensors were assumed and are not based on factual data. Also, various kinds of up-counters and down-counters along with many types of timers were used in designing of the ladder diagrams. I started with designing of ladder diagram for Brayton cycle. Then I designed a Rankine cycle which uses the waste of Brayton cycle as the input and lastly I designed a District Heating plant which uses the wasteful outputs of both Brayton and Rankine cycles. A Combined Cycle Power Plant increases the efficiency of a power plant by almost double. As a result, its usage is increasing globally as more and more simple plants are being converted to combined cycle power plants. Given below is the figure of an instruction palette as seen in the software. After the Ladder logic is entered, the whole file or project is verified without errors and is given access for download. The figure for the same is given below: Brayton Cycle The ladder diagram is as shown below. It has a lower efficiency than a steam cycle. The above figure shows the ladder diagram for the Brayton Cycle. The first rung illustrates the fuel which is supplied. I have taken Natural gas as the main source of fuel and Diesel for emergencies. The fuel mixes with Air. The ratio of fuel: air is about 1:30. A timer which acts like a pressure sensor is attached in parallel with the compressor. Since this timer is attached to a done bit, it cuts off the fuel and air supply after 15 seconds. This is so done since it is assumed that after, say 15 seconds, the pressure in the compressor reaches 200 Bar. If the compressor is opened for more time, then the compressor might blow off because of extreme pressure. This pressure I have assumed is totally hypothetical and varies with the type of material used in the making of the compressor. After the air and fuel gets compressed i.e. the pressure increases and the volume decreases (according to Boyles law), then the compressor valve opens. The compressor mixture then enters a combustor wher e the combustion takes place. I have attached a up-counter in parallel with the combustor. The up-counter does the same function

Physics of the Microwave Oven Essay example -- physics kitchen microwa

Physics is in every area of life from the starry skies we see at night to the cells inside our bodies. Even what might appear to be the simplest thing is actually very complex when one looks at the details. Physics helps us understand the basics of how life operates. Microwave ovens are often used to reheat left over food, cook TV dinners and frozen foods, and to quickly heat food but is seldom recognized and understood by those who use them. People typically don’t know how a microwave oven operates, how it is structured, or how the food is actually heated. Microwaves were first created in 1947 being 1.8 meters in height and 750 lbs created by Percy Spencer while building magnetrons for radar sets during World War II. The magnetrons would allow the radar sets to indicate where the enemy machinery was located, since the microwaves would reflect off metal. When Percy Spencer was working with the microwaves he noticed that a chocolate bar melted when exposed to the microwaves. Testing the capability of the microwave to cook food he used first popcorn which was successful and secondly an egg which exploded. The first microwaves, then called the Radarange, were used only in the military and for large restaurants due to their size, then the size was decreased in the 1952's and was priced $1295 which models the microwaves we see in households today. According to Miriam-Webster's Dictionary an electromagnetic wave is "one of the waves that are propagated by simultaneous periodic variations of electric and magnetic field intensity and that include radio waves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X rays, and gamma rays." What this actually means is that electromagnetic waves have both electric and magnetic fields that o... ...g tough many people will stick a moist paper towel or napkin over the bread lockingthe moisture in and keeping it soft. TV dinners as we all know are usually made for the microwave as well as other types of quick meal foods. These foods usually are frozen so they have a substantial amount of moisture which evaporates unneeded water, but doesn’t dry out the food as it is being cooked. As many have heard it is not a good idea to cook an egg in the microwave, as the inside of the egg heats up it expands, however the shell on the outer surface is a solid rather than a fluid so it doesn’t expand as rapidly or as much as the liquids on the inside do therefore causing the egg shell to break. An egg shell break is not typically such a bad thing on the stove since the egg is being slowly warmed up, but in the microwave it heats up even more quickly and explodes.

Agatha Christie Essay

â€Å"Death on the Nile†, a Hercule Poirot murder mystery, takes place in England for the first part of the story and along the Nile River aboard the S.S. KARNAK for the rest of the book. Agatha Christie tells the story in the third person narrative.  The protagonist and main character is Hercule Poirot, the world-renowned, brilliant Belgian detective who has solved numerous difficult and complex cases. Before his escape to England during WWI, Poirot, a retired Belgian police officer, was a celebrated private detective on the continent. He is not more than five feet four inches but carries himself with pride and integrity. He has a moustache that is exceptionally stiff and military-like. He wears only the finest attire and his neatness is astonishing. Hercule Poirot is a kinetic character because he does change by the end of the story in a small way. I can say that because all detectives at the beginning of a crime go in thinking one idea. Next, they explore many possibilities for who could have committed the crime and what their motive was. By the end of the story they reach a conclusion that is totally different than what they first expected. That is exactly what Hercule Poirot did, and that is how he changed. In a story the protagonist is developed by either the author’s description, what other’s say, dialogue, thoughts, or actions and reactions. In my book, I learned the most about Hercule Poirot from dialogue. This book for the most part is dialogue. For example, this story consisted mainly of inquiries, which involved questioning and conversing with many people. When Hercule Poirot asked questions, they were always beyond what the others were thinking and they were always used to answer more than one question. That is how I learned he was very intelligent. Also, whenever he spoke to someone about anything, he brought up past experiences, incidents, or just facts that related to that topic. That told me had knowledge about things that was above average. Agatha Christie’s â€Å"Death on the Nile† started off in England. Linnet Ridgeway a young, beautiful, and rich girl had just bought an estate there, after she had just inherited a great fortune from her father Melhuish Ridgeway. She’s the girl who has everything and the townspeople say she’s got millions. Linnet’s home is named â€Å"Wode Hall†. It is said that she is going to marry Lord Charles Widlesham but Linnet had mixed feelings. One day, Linnet received a call from her oldest friend Jacqueline De Bellefort who wanted to come visit her. Jacqueline De Bellefort arrived to tell Linnet that she is getting married to a man by the name of Simon Doyle. Jacqueline De Bellefort declared she must marry him or she shall die. Jackie also asked Linnet if Simon could take over a job at her residence. Linnet accepted with joy. After Jackie left, Linnet began to think about her man Lord Charles Widlesham. Widlesham was wealthy and owned an enormous Elizabethan mansion named â€Å"Charltonbury†. But Linnet did not want to leave Wode Hall and go to Charltonbury, after all Wode Hall was hers! Linnet broke it off to go marry Simon Doyle. Their honeymoon was set to go to Egypt aboard the S.S. KARNAK along the Nile River. Jacqueline De Bellefort was furious. At the Cataract Hotel in Assuan, everyone who was about to board the ship was present. Linnet Doyle and Simon had arrived. The famous detective Hercule Poirot was present. He was said to be taking a holiday. Next to him was a gentleman by the name of Colonel Race. A man and his mother by the names Tim Allerton and Mrs. Allerton were at hand. Tim was the cousin of Linnet’s friend Joanna Southwood. Linnet was surprised to see her American trustee, Andrew Pennington in attendance. Also, there was a fairly old woman named Mrs. Marie Van Schuyler and her daughter Cornelia Robson who were taking a holiday as well. Together sat another family, Marie, Rosalie, and Salome Otterbourne. There were three men, Dr. Carl Bessner, James Fanthorp, and Mr. Ferguson who were also due to board the ship. Lastly, the person who was least likely expected to come on this expedition was the enraged Jacqueline De Bellefort! The following day everyone was aboard the ship and assigned to their cabins. At around midnight in the saloon Jackie, Simon Doyle and a few others were present. Jackie had been drinking for quite a while and then came to a point of insanity. She started yelling at Simon and he yelled back. During the argument, she pulled out a pearl-handled pistol and shot Simon in the leg! After that, she dropped it and kicked it under a settee and began to cry. Dr. Bessner attended to Simon and brought him to his cabin while a girl by the name of Miss Bowers took Jackie to her cabin. When the others went back to retrieve the pistol from under the settee, it was gone! The next morning, Linnet Doyle was found lying in her bed, dead! She was shot in the head. Also, her expensive pair of pearls was missing from her cabin. The case had just become more complex. Now, Hercule Poirot and Colonel Race came into the picture. They were the ones who were going to solve the case. After inquiries and inquiries with different people on the ship they wrote down all their observations. It looked like this:

Treating Psychosocially Based Sexual Dysfunction

Treating Psychosocially Based Sexual Dysfunction There are various types of psychosocially-based sexual dysfunctions that people face. Some of these problems include premature ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, painful intercourse and lack of desire to engage in sexual intercourse. Erectile dysfunction is one psychosocially dysfunction that has affected men over the age of 40 year (American Psychological Association 2012, para. 2).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Treating Psychosocially Based Sexual Dysfunction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is caused by abnormalities in the hormones, medications in psychological problems, vascular insufficiency and neurological diseases among other complexions. These dysfunctions cause psychological distress among men and therefore, require treatment to enable them recover from this anguish. Different kinds of treatment are administered to different categories of dysfunctions. Lack of sexual desire in men causes dist ress and problems in relationships, leading to psychological problems among the victims. To treat this problem, it requires multiple steps and processes (Schover et al. 2002, p. 2397). The first step towards its treatment is for the therapist to help the clients recognize their negative approach towards sex, and to stress the origins of the negative thoughts. They also help them to find alternative ways to think about sex, after which they focus on the behavior, whereby, clients may be required to keep track of their thoughts and imagination about sex (Schover et al. 2002, p. 2397). They may also be required to develop fantasies or watch movies that are erotic (American Psychological Association 2012, para. 2). The aim of exposing them to such movies is to make them begin to develop desire to engage in sexual intercourse. The clients are also taken through a one-on-one program whereby, relationship problems and issue are discussed. This conversation is aimed at making the client cha nge his perception about a bad encounter in relationship that might have affected his sexual desires. After sometime, the client is expected to develop desire towards opposite sex hence resulting to healing. Another psychosocial dysfunction is erectile dysfunction, whereby, the penis does not erect, rendering sexual intercourse impossible (American Psychological Association 2012, para. 2). This is normally caused by sicknesses such as diabetes or side effects due to medication and anxiety after first experience in intercourse. The treatment of this dysfunction is aimed at reducing anxiety and administering appropriate medication aimed at healing or correcting the dysfunction (American Psychological Association 2012, para. 2). The treatment of this dysfunction will basically depend on the cause of the problem. However, in most cases, the first step of action is to take PDE5 inhibitor drugs such as Viagra, which helps to stimulate the blood vessels causing a person to have an urge to engage in sexual intercourse (Schover et al. 2002, p. 2398). In other cases, treatment may involve administration of prostaglandin-type of tablets that are injected in the urethra in the penis.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The penis can also be exposed to frequent exercise to make it strong and to increase its sexual fantasies (Schover et al. 2002, p. 2398). In cases where all these methods have failed to produce positive results, then surgery can be done. Here, a procedure is done on the prosthetic implants that result to insertion of certain types of rods in the penis to make it stronger to allow for penetration. Premature ejaculation is yet another psychosocial sexual dysfunction that occurs in men. This scenario causes an emotional stress to a man because it makes him feel incapable of sustaining his sexual desires and satisfying the partner sexually. In man y of the cases, women complain of such incidences and therefore, this tends to disturb men emotionally (Gregoire, 1999, p. 315). The cause of this dysfunction is not clearly known by researchers in the field. This dysfunction can be treated through observance of various measures. However, in most cases, therapists who provide medical treatment to such dysfunctions focus more on behavioral training. The client is required to seek assistance from his partner in piecemeal on how to withstand stimulation. After some period of time, the client learns how to control ejaculation for a longer period of time. This requires great psychological input on the man’s side to be able to sustain the stimulation. Furthermore, the woman can also help a man by reducing the level of stimulating through reduction of movement or thrashing. Another psychosocial sexual dysfunction is painful intercourse. This is also referred to as dyspareunia and normally causes persistent or recurrent pain in the g enitals of a man, which this causes problems in the relationship as well as distress (Gregoire, 1999, p. 315). This dysfunction affects both the partners but is more prevalent in men. The treatment is provided by a gynecologist or an urologist who carries out diagnosis and proposes a relevant medication to the problem. In women, the dysfunction is treated by putting a lot of emphasizes on the training on relaxation. Women are required to relax during sexual intercourse to avoid the pain. In conclusion, there are various psychosocial sexual dysfunctions as discussed in the paper. These dysfunctions cause emotional distress to the victims because of the fact that they hinder an individual from normal functioning. Most of the dysfunctions have treatments that if well followed and administered, can help the victims alleviate them. However, these treatments are not similar and therefore, appropriate treatment should be adopted for a particular dysfunction.Advertising We will writ e a custom research paper sample on Treating Psychosocially Based Sexual Dysfunction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References American Psychological Association, (2012). Treatment of sexual problems. Retrieved from: https://www.apa.org/topics/sex/treatment Gregoire, A. (1999). ABC of sexual health: assessing and managing male sexual problems. BMJ, 318:315. Schover, L., Fouladi, R., Warneke, C et al. (2002). The use of treatments for erectile dysfunction among survivors of prostate carcinoma. Cancer, 95:2397.

APES Chapter 5 vocab Essay Example

APES Chapter 5 vocab Essay Example APES Chapter 5 vocab Paper APES Chapter 5 vocab Paper interspecific competition occurs when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources such as food, light, or space predatation occurs when a member of one species feeds directly on all or part of a member of another species parasitism occurs when one organism feeds on the body of, or the energy used by, another organism, usually by living on or in the host mutualism an interaction that benefits both species by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resourcea commensalism an interaction that benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other predator-prey relationship relationships between a predator and its prey coevolution evolution in which two or more species interact and exert selective pressures on each other that can lead each species to undergo adaptations resource partitioning occurs when species competing for similar scarce resources evolve specialized traits that allow them to reduce niche overlap population dynamics a study of how the distribution, numbers, age structure, and density of populations change in response to changes in environmental conditions age structure the proportions of individuals at various ages biotic potential capacity for population growth under ideal conditions intrinsic rate of increase (r) the rate at which the population of a species would grow if it had unlimited resources intrinsic rate of increase (r) the rate at which the population of a species would grow if it had unlimited resources carrying capacity (K) the maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely without being degraded logistic growth involves rapid exponential population growth followed by a steady decrease in population growth until the population size levels off (S-shaped curve) r-related species species that have many, usually small, offspring and give them little or no parental care or protection K-related species tend to reproduce later in life and have a small number of offspring with fairly long life spans. They also tend to mother and protect their young population density the number of individuals in a population found in a particular area or volume ecological succession during which, some species colonize an area and their populations become more numerous, while populations of other species decline and may even disappear primary succession involves the gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas where there is no soil in a terrestrial ecosystem, or no bottom sediment in an aquatic ecosystem secondary succession in which a series of communities or ecosystems with different species develop in places containing soil or bottom sediment tipping point where any additional stress can cause an ecosystem to change in an abrupt and usually irreversible way that often involves collapse

Diversification of Albertas Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diversification of Albertas Economy - Essay Example Diversification as a concept has a special effect on Alberta’s economy, which is reliant on non renewable resources as its economic bedrock. It is vital that Alberta’s government develop policies that will aim to diversify the province’s economy, and make it wealthier. By relying on non renewable resource-based industries, Alberta’s economy becomes vulnerable to economic cycles of boom and depression This paper will aim to provide ideas on policies that the government can implement for its economy to minimize the probability of failure and maximize the probability of success.Policies Active and proactive government intervention through policy formulation, it is possible to diversify Alberta’s economy. Government can intervene in such aspects as labor, trade, capital, and financial markets to create a diversified economy base for the province. The government’s involvement in the economy is also vital to diversify the economy. Increased governm ent involvement and investment in the Alberta economy is vital for diversification to occur. Increased government involvement ensures that infrastructure gets created to prepare the economy for diversification Alberta is a landlocked province, and it is vital that infrastructure such as transport get created to facilitate business creation. Infrastructure such as communication, health services, and electronics are crucial towards encouraging economic activity. Engagement of the government in the economy allows for massive generation of revenues that facilitate infrastructure construction. Government becomes involved through investments in private businesses and leading corporations in the province. Government should aim to offer venture capital for business start ups within the province both directly and indirectly. Government assistance should also get directed at the existing sectors, which have shown strength in the Alberta economy. The government should create an enabling climat e for investment through tax policy formulations. For there to be diversified economy in the province, the government should apply grants, subsidies, and tax incentives to generate varied economic activity (Mathias, 1971). The government can direct these financial tools towards economic sectors, which are under invested. These tools are crucial to develop the emerging industries within the province. This will invite on board investors who are motivated to take advantage of such government incentives. These tools also ensure that the cost of production for the investors lowers down encouraging them even more to partake in economic activity within the province. To develop a diversified economy, the government should also revise its education policy to gear it towards labor specialization. The governments should enable a shift from the province’s general education curriculum to a job-directed education curriculum. The creation of specialized labor or skills within the Alberta ec onomy would help generate economic activity (Mathias, 1971). A diversified labor market promises labor to investors. It assures investors to proceed with their investment plans within the province as their labor requirement is available. The government in Alberta should offer this policy formulation to the universities and technical institutes in its region to encourage the specialization of labor skills. The Alberta government should also reduce over reliance on the economic importance of the unprocessed raw resources sector (Mathias, 1971). The government should encourage

Innovative Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Innovative Organisations - Essay Example PepsiCo has evolved from its traditional beverage operations which has a rich history of business spanning over 100 years and has become one of the foremost multi-national food distributors in the world. This report highlights innovations at PepsiCo as well as a discussion of innovation philosophy in order to determine whether PepsiCo maintains a high level of invention or novel product creation to be considered truly innovative. many generations that it would be impossible to discuss all of its business evolutions in the 20th Century. However, ever since the company decided to move out of strictly beverages and into other snack food dimensions, the business has been competing in a very large variety of marketplaces against other small- and large-scale competition. In terms of market share, PepsiCo maintains 30.8 percent of the total beverage industry (Bauerlein, 2009). PepsiCo further earned $7 billion (USD) as a result of total business operations from 2007-2008 (PepsiCo, 2008). These are stellar profits, which suggests that PepsiCo understands how to properly innovate its products, making them stand out against other competing companies, and are able to build customer interest in these products through innovative marketing and manufacture of new product lines. In the beverage division of the company, the largest competitor is Coca-Cola. However, both companies are experiencing a drop in overall sales volume, which is driving further innovation on behalf of both companies to compete for market share in this division. Coca-Cola experienced a 3.1 percent drop in sales in 2008 while Pepsi experienced 4 percent in the same period (Bauerlein, 2009). This suggests an external consumer who is not spending as before on beverages, calling for innovative sales and product strategies to regain lost market share and satisfy customer needs at the same time. competitive environment is

Erection and Construction Procedure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Erection and Construction Procedure - Essay Example This study also looks into the safety measures which ensure that the workers in these projects are safe. There are well laid down standards for any structure, which ensure the safety of the structures and the workers. The study discusses the erection and construction procedure from the designing stage up to the completion stage. Purpose The principal purpose or the objective of this study is to establish the driving forces behind collapses and shifts in the structures. It seeks to establish the recommended procedures for construction of various structures and the guidelines provided to ensure the safety of the workers. The intent of this paper is to give a clear procedure of how structures are supposed to be built right from the design stage up to the completion stage. The paper also intends to explore the regulations governing the construction industry in Britain. The paper also seeks to explain various logistics put in place by various organizations concerned with the safety and he alth of the workers. The Procedure Design and Planning It is essential to note from the onset that the initial step of any construction work is the design. Designing of a construction work is the act of creating a new facility which is represented by a series of steps and specifications. The series of steps explains the activities and materials required for the whole construction. The engineers and architects who are involved in the design and the planning process must well be aware of what the project requires, and they must be an experienced team. During this design stage, the engineers designing any structure must give a list or a breakdown of materials required for the purpose of undertaking the whole project (Pallotta 169). The process of designing has to be completed before the process of erection begins. The process of undertaking any construction project requires all the parties to work in unison and cooperation. Regulations Any construction project is subject to extensive r egulation within the framework of Health and Safety at work which must be adhered to. The supervisors, engineers and managers working on the site should be aware of all the regulations and ensure that they are observed to the letter. The site on which any construction work is to be carried out must not have negative effects to the environment. The relevant authorities survey the site and ensure that it is conducive and does not pose any hazards for the construction of any structure. Project implementers These are the people or organizations which are held responsible for the management of the construction project. Most of the construction works are given out as contracts to contractors; and the project team selected depends on the contract, it may be public or private. The project team is mainly made of the customer, who decides what he wants, supervises the work and pays for the project. The second person involved is the designer; he designs the structure and oversees its construct ion. The principal contractor oversees the whole project and also the health and safety of the construction site. These management team will most of the times use sub contractors and other consultants to help them deliver their duties. The contractor of the project should be based in the construction site throughout the construction process, but the designer, though he has roles in the construction site, is not always there. Steelwork Contractor Most of the structure being erected uses steel metal and